Science :: essays research papers

The research gives a glimpse of the possibilities for training animals by sending cues and rewards immediately to their brains, says Sanjiv Talwar of the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center. In the May 2 Nature, he and his colleagues predict their accomplishment could inspire novel approaches to land mine detection or search-and-rescue missions. The project grew out of research to develop new types of prostheses for paralyzed people that will use electrical impulses sent directly to and from the brain. In 1999, coauthor outhouse Chapin and his colleagues at the medical center demonst stinkered that signals from a rats brain could move a robotic arm. Talwar says that the January 2001 earthquake in Bhuj, India, and the September terrorist attacks inspired the researchers to use elements of their prosthesis give way to create remote-control rats that might eventually navigate in collapsed buildings. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency funds the research. The team fitted five rats with electrodes in their brains and backpacks containing electronics. For cues, the researchers sent electric signals to brain regions that process impulses from whiskers. For rewards, the researchers stimulated a pleasure center known as the medial forebrain bundle. The researchers put each rat in a maze and, as the animal approached a turning point, stimulated its brain to mimic a whisker touch on one side. When a rat turned in the direction of the virtual touch, the researchers buzzed the brains pleasure center. These signals to the pleasure center seemed to spur a rat to go forward, even when the path required acclivity steps or hopping off a ledge. "He learns, If I keep moving, I feel these bursts of transcendental happiness," Talwar says. "The rats figure it out in 5 or 10 minutes." The researchers explored the capabilities of this system by steering the rats over a jumble of concrete, across a brightly lit arena that rats would norma lly avoid, and even up a tree. The rats move far more nimbly than robots can, says Talwar. The team envisions rescue animals sending back signals that indicate theyve reached their goal. Robin Murphy, who develops search-and-rescue robots at the University of South Florida in Tampa, says that the wire rat may be useful in experiments, but "it does not appear to be appropriate for search and rescue." Murphy cautions that many practical questions remain, such as how people could guide a rat when its out of sight and whether virtual rewards can keep it on task amidst distractions.

Iago’s Scheming in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Iagos Scheming in Othello Iago is a powerful predator who exploits those around him by infecting their perceptions of truth with care unspoiledy chosen fallacy. His skill in determination the proverbial chinks in others armor allows him to skillfully weave his machinations of destroying Othello into their minds and actions by manipulating characters perceptions of Desdemona, Iago gains the leverage he needs to exploit each character. No one is impervious to Iagos seethe purpose even Othello falls prey to Iagos suggestions and insinuations about Desdemona. Iagos constant presence as the stager, as well as his ceaseless - but subtle - keep of events through narration, allows him to be the pivotal force that directs Shakespeares Othello. In the opening scene, Iago provokes Brabantio against Othello by means of his pawn, Roderigo, and constantly stages the scene, ensuring that everything goes according to his plan. Iago realizes that Brabantio is very susceptible to attacks on his d aughter Iago uses Roderigo as a dummy, through whom he makes such antagonizing claims An old black ram / is tupping your white ewe and your daughter and the Moor are now / making the beast with devil backs (1.1.90, 121). By inflaming Brabantios protective nature as a father, Iago directs Brabantios wrath towards Othello while using Roderigo as a front. Iago successfully bends an unwitting Brabantio to the prevalent goal of destroying Othello. The climax of Iagos power occurs during Iagos successful attempts to convince Othello - against the poor Moors better judgment - that Desdemona fails to be loyal and that Othello differs too greatly from his fellow citizens to be a part of the Venetianworld. Iago craftily inflames Othel... ... that Iago felt compelled to engineer to perfection and totality and once Iagos plan falls short of his mark, his pawns grow out of his control and finally undo his dark scheming. Fragility permeates Iagos liminal existence and, as shown, he has to b e omnipresent in order to execute and oversee every aspect of his plan. His ambition leads to his declension modest desires for revenge blossom into extravagant and uncontrollable machinations which necessitate the deaths of all those involved. Iago finds it impossible to manipulate everyone at every moment, and for this sole reason, fails to bring his plan into full fruition. Work Cited William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Othello, The Moor of Venice (from Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, sixth edition. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. New York Harper Collins, 1995.

Analysis of Edmund Wallers Poem On a Girdle Essay -- Edmund Waller Gi

Analysis of Edmund Wallers Poem On a GirdleAt first glance, Edmund Wallers poem On a Girdle seems to suggest nothing more than praise of one muliebritys fair beauty and the speakers love for her. After diving deeper into the text, however, it becomes apparent that the speaker does a much better job of praising himself than the wo existence. His love is more a lust for look into and possession than a true declaration of sentiment. Waller uses extreme imagery and exaggeration to seemingly praise this woman. More importantly, however, he subtlety belittles her through tropes and diction. Waller evokes this image of her fortify to express his own desire to restrict this beautiful woman. It cannot be denied that Waller professes love for this woman. He praises her tremendously. He refers to her girdle as my heavens extremest sphere. by means of this statement he is claiming that for him her girdle was the most expansive point of his universe. This is undoubtedly an e xtreme statement. He also declares, My joy, my grief, my hope, my love / Did all within this circle continue Waller is profoundly affected by this woman. She instills in him joy, grief, hope and love, all emotions someone enamored with a woman might experience. He loves her so much that if he can have her then, Take all the rest the sun goes round. In essence Waller is saying he loves this woman more than anything else on earth. Unarguably, Waller holds this woman in extremely high regard. He has placed her on a fundament. The more interesting idea to consider, however, is why he places her upon this pedestal. This woman is placed upon the pedestal because of her physical beauty. She is described as having a slender waist, a na... ... is an object which can be given and then the word me suggests the speakers desire for ownership of this object. By using diction that suggests possession and control Waller reveals his true intent for this woman that the loves. This entire poem conjures up an image, that of a man with his arms encircling a woman as her girdle once did. After reflecting upon this image it can be seen as a very peremptory one. The man has his arms around the woman but she has no part of the embrace. She is trapped. She is merely the object he has his arms around. She whitethorn be beautiful, he may love her, but she plays no role in the relationship. She simply remains in his embrace much like the deer in its pen she was compared to earlier. This is what Waller desires from this woman. He never asks for her love in return. He longs only for possession of her body.

Any Animal That Attacks a Human Should be Destroyed at Once :: Animals Violence

An animal that attacks a human being should not be abolished. In any type of case in law, you always have to have besidesification and be fair, why cant animals have it? Most animals attack when we attack them, it might have veritable(a) been an accident.In any law case, no matter high or low, you always have to have reasons for why or at least how it happened. You put ont just say to the lawyer, That person harmed me, destroy that person at once. You wouldnt, would you? Animals have to be justified to our standardsThe animal could have even done it accidentally. slightly of the animals might think of us as food. They try biting us, but once they find out we are not food, we dont just go to them and protrude it. Its an accident. Everyone makes mistakes.Most animals attack when they are attacked or frightened by us. For example, take a look at a snake. not long ago, I read an information book about snakes and it said, We think that snakes deliberately harm us because it is our ha bit, but think a bit more(prenominal) deeper, we are the ones who harm or frighten them first. Now take another example and compare it. If someone tried to attack us, what we would do without even sentiment is obvious, defend ourselves. Well so do animals. They are only defending and protecting themselvesOn the other hand, however, what if it is spatial relation between life and death? If it is a situation between life and death, and you have to kill it, then go ahead. If you are about do die, and a big tiger is going to kill you, you dont just let it eat you, you try to think of the last solution, which is killing it.Therefore, one can conclude, besides the fact that if you are in a situation between life and death, and have to kill it, it doesnt give us the right to destroy it other times.

Commentary on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

This passage comes from the first chapter of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. Huckleberry is explaining how life is with the Widow Douglas and lam Watson. He is describing one evening at his new home in their company. This section serves to characterize the two ladies, to foreshadow some events that will happen later in the novel, to create a mood of death, to reinforce the theme of death and rebirth, and to characterize Huckleberry. At the beginning of the passage, Huck describes Miss Watson as a deeply spectral person. She talks about the good place (3), as a reward for sivilized people. Twain satirizes religion when the widow says that all a body does in paradise is play the harp and sing forever and ever (3). Indeed, why would she want to sing endlessly once she is dead? But because of Hucks delicate heart, he didnt think much of it (3). All he wants is to be with Tom Sawyer. So even at the beginning of the story, Huck is already rejecting lodge because he does not care about going to heaven. In addition, Miss Watson is mean toward Huck. She keeps pecking (3) at him. The word pecking is very important in this passage because it compares Miss Watson as a bird that strikes with its beak. This comparison suggests that Miss Watson is a nag and that her constant criticism is painful to Huck. With the help of Hucks description, the reader jackpot infer that the two ladies are civilized and educated, but surprisingly, when it comes to slaves, they lose all of their humanity and just fetched the niggers in and had prayers (3). They treat them no better than they would treat animals. Their port toward slaves demonstrates how superficial and hypocritical they are.In addition, Mark Twain foreshadows death, which will happen later in the book. For example, when Huck goes up to his room, he feels lonesome (3), he wishes he were dead. In this passage, Twain emphasizes the theme of Hucks quest for freedom. Huck has a need for liberty. Since h e is stuck in a house he feels muffled (3), and locked in. The author also uses many morbid words to foreshadow death, such as mournful, dead, crying, die, shivers, ghosts, grave and grieving (3). As a result, the death imagery and diction creates a dreadful mood.

Commentary on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

This passage comes from the first chapter of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. Huckleberry is explaining how life is with the Widow Douglas and set down Watson. He is describing one evening at his new home in their company. This section serves to characterize the two ladies, to foreshadow some events that will happen later in the novel, to create a mood of death, to reinforce the theme of death and rebirth, and to characterize Huckleberry. At the beginning of the passage, Huck describes Miss Watson as a deeply ghostly person. She talks about the good place (3), as a reward for sivilized people. Twain satirizes religion when the widow says that all a body does in promised land is play the harp and sing forever and ever (3). Indeed, why would she want to sing endlessly once she is dead? But because of Hucks perfect(a) heart, he didnt think much of it (3). All he wants is to be with Tom Sawyer. So even at the beginning of the story, Huck is already rejecting com munity because he does not care about going to heaven. In addition, Miss Watson is mean toward Huck. She keeps pecking (3) at him. The word pecking is very important in this passage because it compares Miss Watson as a bird that strikes with its beak. This comparison suggests that Miss Watson is a nag and that her constant criticism is painful to Huck. With the help of Hucks description, the reader evict infer that the two ladies are civilized and educated, but surprisingly, when it comes to slaves, they lose all of their humanity and just fetched the niggers in and had prayers (3). They treat them no better than they would treat animals. Their sort toward slaves demonstrates how superficial and hypocritical they are.In addition, Mark Twain foreshadows death, which will happen later in the book. For example, when Huck goes up to his room, he feels lonesome (3), he wishes he were dead. In this passage, Twain emphasizes the theme of Hucks quest for freedom. Huck has a need for lib erty. Since he is stuck in a house he feels thudding (3), and locked in. The author also uses many morbid words to foreshadow death, such as mournful, dead, crying, die, shivers, ghosts, grave and grieving (3). As a result, the death imagery and diction creates a dreadful mood.

Society and the Roles We Play/Zimbardo and the Hoax

Psych 333 Social Psychology Society and the Roles We Play/Zimbardo and the Hoax As social human beings we encounter the powerful effects of references e really day. Whether youre an experienced doctor or a propane truck driver, your roles argon much to a greater extent(prenominal) than just a small piece of a big picture. Our roles are in nature a social element that when used correctly furthert joint slightly or completely alter anothers. When used maliciously our roles piece of tail not only psychologically damage an individual or a handful of tribe, unless in addition the masses.Adolf Hitlers role as a chan kioskor transposed the roles of normal German soldiers to genocidal henchmen which in turn changed the Jews roles as a ladder of beautiful people to what mark offmed like verminous animals needing extermination. The dynamics of social roles are not always this drastic but when they are, our life as we know it changes. To see how similar a real life tragedy and a stag ed study are with damaging effects of roles, it is important to analyze the Stanford Prison sample and a very horrible real life tragedy comparatively.In hostel to explain such a socially fascinating phenomenon as the Stanford Prison examine led by Zimbardo, we must first see what social psychological f feators were at play. First it is important to know that all participants in this examine including the captives, the guards, and the confederates gave their dear consent to participate. This is important because the main method of this experimentation would make the participants take on different roles. This method helped determine the purpose of this experiment which is whether or not the participants would perceive their roles as pretending or reality.This perception was shown through behavior from both pris cardinalrs and guards as a self-fulfilling prophecy. This is evident because the reciprocal behaviors expressed by the prisoner participants and the guard participants would amplify each others behavior. An increase of aggression causes an increase in submissiveness which in turn amplifies aggression and continuous into a wild cycle. The experiment has been argued to have been unsuccessful however the experiment contained a high amount of experimental realism. Although the experiment was unethical it yielded fascinating results from both the prisoners and the guards.First I cogitate it is important to analyze the behavior exhibited by the participants in the experiment. Prior to the experiment, the participants were in accompaniment informed about the nature of the experiment and the moment they were arrested they would assume their roles as prisoners. A majority of the experiment was done inside of the prison. It was during this time that the prisoners displayed many social psychological behaviors that result from playing a submissive role. The progression of the experiments time also caused some of these interesting behaviors to amplify.It is important to understand that the underlining quality that the prisoners in this study exhibited was learned helplessness. This is predominantly evident when the prisoners acts of rebellion toward the guards diminish. This leave the prisoners with an overall sense of helplessness. They were much than than likely to submit to the hostile and aggressive demands of the guards. Although some of the demands of the guards such as doing countless numbers of pushups would seem unethical in a real prison, even a participant assuming a false role as a prisoner follows such preposterous demands.What is more perplexing about this study was the fact that these participants in fact knew that they were not really guilty of any crime but as the experiment progressed and the guards became more aggressive the inmates displayed very passive behavior because they knew that their behaviors could not change the current predicament that they were in. some other remarkable concept that helped reinforc e the participants roles as prisoners was the Saying-Becomes-Believing Effect. In one instance the participant known as prisoner 8612 would either rebel or would show what would be seen as undesirable behaviors in the guards eyes.After doing this the guards would have the inmates penalize and also have them chant Prisoner 8612 was bad. The prisoners seemed to show a certain degree of animosity towards prisoner 8612 and eventually led to his outright frantic breakdown and made him to truly turn over that he was a bad prisoner. This again shows the strength of learned helplessness in social cognition. Prisoner 8612 believed he was a bad prisoner therefore he became a bad prisoner. The only thing more fascinating than the growing submission of the prisoners had to be the increase aggression by the prisoners.It is a confounding concept that in most prisons, the idea that prison guards act more harshly towards an inmate because they are in fact psychologically feeding off of the priso ners submissiveness. The guards in the study were introduced exactly as the prisoners were to the studys nature just as different roles. Their roles would experience the moment they arrested the prisoners. Upon arriving to the prison however, the guards would assume an entirely different role than a prisoner.These soon-to-be tyrants would use one of the most powerful social psychological weapons in their arsenal deception. The Stanford Prison guards used deception in a number of ways during this study. In the experiment they introduced the privilege cell and the penalty box to the prisoners. The privilege cell was a much nicer cell than the ones entrustn to the rest of the prisoners. When the guards put certain prisoners in the privilege cell this deceived the other prisoners into believing that this prisoner was good which in turn caused the prisoners to be more behaved.The same deception was used in punishing the prisoner with the penalty box which was a small broom cupboard s ized room which would be used to upkeep the prisoners when they were bad. Another method of deception that the guards inflicted was towards the family of the prisoners. The guards forced the prisoners to write to their families constantly that everything was going well in the prison. on with these letters the prisoners would also force the prisoners to identify themselves as their assigned numbers rather than their actual names.I confounding factor that also helped in the amplifying aggression of the guards towards the prisoners was their act of justification. It is rather odd that regular people who for the most part did not assume any kind of authoritative role use mandate in such a severe way. When questioning the severity of their actions towards the prisoners justified their actions by telling themselves that they are being told to be this way towards the prisoners and also that the prisoners behaviors caused them to bring the consequences upon themselves. The experiment see med so real that it could not even complete the full desired duration.This experiment will always be remembered as one of the biggest contributions to social psychology because it showed the powerful effects of submissiveness vs. leave. It was because of this experiment also question and reevaluate what is and isnt ethical in social psychology experiments. It also shows us how people whether they are in positions of authority or not quite a little manipulate this powerful psychological element against others causing not only psychological and emotional ramifications, but also legal ones as well. This was seen in one of the cruelest hoaxes ever played.The hoax that I am describing was one that went from what seemed to be a mean prank call, to loads of legal repercussions and countless victims of emotional and psychological distress. These calls were made by David R. Stewart. Although Stewart seemed like a man of average intelligence, it wouldnt be un clear to consider him to be a social psychological genius. Stewarts calls as a person in a position of authority not only manipulated his victims but also tormented them with a number of social psychological weapons but also used the psychological factors of his victims against themselves.He was sometimes able to take two innocent people and make one a victim of sexual assault and the other a victim in a single phone call. In order to analyze how Stewart was able to succeed at this it is important to see what psychological factors were in play both in the mind of Stewart and his victims. First, Stewart assumed a role of authority as a police officer, corporate employee, or federal officer. This role helped Stewart claim legitimacy to his victims. Although this would seem like enough to control his victims he also used a factor that was possessed not by him but by his victims.Stewart attacked those who worked in the food patience. This may seem odd but it is fact a very intelligent group of people to attack bec ause people in the food industry are trained to be more obedient than others traditionally would. Societys schema of the food industry portrays it in such a fashion that the number one priority of the industrys employees is customer satisfaction. In order to achieve customer satisfaction the employees must obey the customers wishes. When the employee is on this type of a wit it isnt unfair to say that their vulnerability to authority would also heighten.The heightened obedience to authority also arises from another social schema of law enforcement. We tend to full of life in the illusion that because law enforcement has a higher authority than civilians do, we must do everything they tell us to. This schema is also the reason police practically get a confession or information leading to a confession from people because although individuals have the right to remain silent, police use authority to trick them into confessing. The perplexing aspect of this event is not just the acts themselves that were performed, but the fact that the acts grew more and more sexually perverse.Although the act of the hoax itself was perplexing, it is even more fascinating on how the public criticized the whole phenomenon. This alone had so many interesting psychological happenings. Even news broadcasters like Fox-TV called the victims of this hoax were colossally stupid. Another made a statement quoting They had the critical ability to decide whether to carry out their orders. Statements like these show both a hindsight bias and a self-serving bias. People claim that they would never perform perverse and lewd acts on another because an authoritative figure told them to do so.The self-serving bias is the fact that they believe they would personally behave more favorably and the hindsight bias is the fact they claim they would have behaved differently after they heard of the incident. Although people harshly criticized the victims Stewart did in fact con two thirds of the people he called. This proves an interesting argument because people who read this story will most likely claim that they will never behave in such the fashion the victims did, but because of these social biases it is impossible to know if one would truly fall for a hoax like that.Many whole tone at Zimbardos and Milgrams studies and see the obvious social psychological connection between both. What is interesting is how this real world hoax and the two to a higher place studies have very predominant similarities. Both instances involve two different groups of normal people assuming a role and watch how their roles completely change their lives. In both situations people who would never normally behave to the roles they were given behave exactly to their roles. In both situations the submissiveness of one person amplifies the aggression and authority of another.In both situations the victims roles caused long term psychological and emotional distress. It shows us a society full of schema s that is naturally obedient in following orders whether we believe them to be right or wrong. So in essence these incidents are very relevant to each other and also to social psychology as a field. It is relevant to how we think, how we behave, and how we interact with others. The average person would say that Zimbardos study was obviously unethical. This is true because it is unethical.The American Psychological Association provides the Institutional Review Boards to keep experiments ethical and protect the participants in this study. The fact that participants in the study underwent emotional distress proves that the study was unethical. In hindsight, if Stewarts hoax was indeed replicated it would be horribly unethical to say the least. It is because Zimbardos study being so similar to the hoax that roles become psychological damaging. In Zimbardos experiment, the participants felt the effects of a six day role long after the study.In Stewarts hoax, just a few minutes or hours changed some of the victims involved for the rest of their lives. Although it is fair to challenge ourselves as psychologist, experiments with the psychological severity of the Stanford prison experiment are not needed because we know the social psychological implications of role playing. This analysis fits very well with the social psychological perspective. Roles, schemas, and biases show the dynamic of the humans psychological potential.You do not have to be a PhD psychologist to manipulate more than sixty average people to perform sexual or lewd acts on other innocent people. It also does not take a PhD psychologist to give average people a role that is unordinary to them and watch them change as a person. What seems like simple terms in social psychology can be used as powerful and manipulative weapons in psychological warfare. These concepts also help realize the importance of the roles that we play every day and how they can change the social world as we know it.

Merchant of Venice Essay Outline Essay

I. INTRODUCTIONA. Is Shylock a man more sinned against than sinning, or does he withdraw his avenge too far in the pursuit of his pound of flesh? B. The wrongs against Shylock climax in the courtroom scene. He has confounded his ducats, lady friend, and now his religion. C. thesis The absolute epitome of selfishness can be described from within Shylocks character that selfishness is what prevents any would-be sympathizers from being able to fully present themselves to Shylocks case.II. luggage compartment PARAGRAPH 1A. Topic Sentence Being the antagonist and villain throughout the play Shylock must be the antithesis to the general characteristics of the protagonist and supporting cast. B. Shylock was a Jew, a not very admirable quality during the late 16th century in Venice. C. Shylock, albeit I neither lend nor borrow/ by taking nor by giving of excess (Act 1, expectation 3, Lines 61-62) D. He is a usurer, something that Antonia literally despises and spits upon.E. This shows the hypocrisy of Antonios actionsF. The daughter of his, Jessica, wishes to be free of him while he cloisters her and denies her liberties in order to keep her for himself.G. Shylocks character is what fuels him, but the treatment he has had to endure has affected the way the reacts to people.III. BODY PARAGRAPH II* A. convert/Topic Sentence The power Shylock has to be a constant obstacle is abused often and with no guilt, he is fueled from only the intense urge of revenge. * B. The bond, from which Antonio is tied to, has no loophole from the pound of flesh, even when Bassanio wishes to not be tied to it. * C. Youll ask me, why I sort of choose to have/ A weight of carrion flesh than to receive/ Three thousand ducats. Ill not answer that,/ but say it is my humour (Act IV, Scene I, lines 40-43) D.Shylock will not allow a counteroffer to his pound of flesh, even though it was offered threefold. * E. Shylock is a direct obstacle to Lancelets happiness and has unplowed him for too l ong. * G. Having to go live in the ghetto has given Shylock a home where he can nurture his despisement of Christians.IV. BODY PARAGRAPH III* A. Transition/Opening * Sentence Anti-Semitism debates are a central theme, and the hypocrisies that stem from it are defined in Shylocks views of Christians. * B. He is portrayed as more consumed by the fear his ducats are gone than his own daughter. * C. My daughter, O my ducats, O my daughter/ Fled with a Christian O my Christian ducats (Act II, Scene 8, lines 15-16) * D. If you wrong us,/ shall we not revenge?/ If we are like you in the rest,/ we will resemble you in that (Act III, Scene I, Lines 54-62) * E. When he is taunted by Solania and Salerio he points out the differences between Jews and Christians and claims that the evil he has been taught he will execute even better. * F. He does not believe that they can co exist and refuses to dine with them or pray with them, only conduct business. * G. I will buy with you, sell with you, tal k with you (Act I, Scene III, lines 32-34)V. BODY PARAGRAPH IV* A. Transition/Opening Sentence The entire court scene is the fount of how all the wrongs committed upon Shylocks Jewish soul will now come back to haunt his wrongdoer. * B. tries to bargain himself out of his punishment even when he has lost * C. Shall I not barely have my principal? (Act IV, Scene1, lines 356)VI. CONCLUSION** A. In determining whether or not it is right to sympathize with the plight of Shylock, it is necessary to discharge him for his revenge. But why is he forgiven when he could not forgive Antonio for if he had then the character of Shylock would not be in question. * B. Reconfirmed Thesis In his refusal of mercy and forgiveness, Shylock sets himself up for failure, and fails without grace leaving as a broken man without money, religion, or his precious ducats. * C. The debate of the humanness of Shylock has withstood the inflexible hands of time because of his relatableness as a villain. It is ha rder to hate the villain when you have reasons to hate the hero.

International Law and Individual Rights Essay

The international law has been undergoing just about evolutions since early and mid 19th century. The original international law laid a bargain of emphasis on just the subject as the custodian of individual rights of its citizens. (L. Oppenheim, 1912. )However, the law deemed inadequate to address individual rights, thus, following some developments, the law has undergone some transformations, which are aimed at promoting individual rights, regardless of their country, state, race, gender or religion.The main developments which have triggered these evolutions of the international law include the Holocaust, the Second World War and the initiation of international criminal courts mainly to try the perpetrators of recent genocides like the former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda The Holocaust was a form of genocide, in which Germany, lead by Adolf Hitler, undertook the extermination of stateless Jews in Germany in which 6 million Jews were killed.Nazi Germany planned and implemented the Holo caust because of the domestic jurisdiction principle of the then international law, which prevented any opposite state from interfering when Hitler undertook the persecution of the Jews. This made the Geneva Convention which came into being between 1864 and 1949 as a result of efforts by Henry Dunant, realize that the law inevitable radical changes to enable the international community to intervene in domestic matters of a nation especially those linked to individual rights (Buergenthal, T. 978 and 1997) The need for merely changes to the locating of individuals under international law went a notch higher after the Second World War, in which many people lost their lives due to the state of anarchy which prevailed then.In 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt in his immunity speech called for a world order in which the world could be founded upon four freedoms namely freedom of speech and expression, International Law and Individual Rights 4 reedom of worship in any way, freedom fro m want and freedom from fear. This was followed by the formation of the United Nations in 1949, whose main concern, among others was to address the International law, so as to empower the international community to address large scale violations of individual rights. The international law was further to evolve with the establishment of international criminal courts mainly to try the perpetrators of recent genocides like the former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda which took place in mid 1990s.A treaty to frame the new international criminal court was formed in 2002, while the international criminal court was formally constituted in 2003, about cardinal decades after the Nuremberg trials (R. K. Woetzel 1962) and the Holocaust. The main objective of this court is to ensure that nations revise their human rights aspects in their constitutions and more importantly, prosecute the leaders who oversee the violation of human rights. It dirty dog be seen that international law has undergone all the se evolutions, which are all inclined towards protecting the rights of the individual, not just the nation.

Cis207 Syllabus

pic play Syllabus College of study Systems & engineering CIS/207 Version 3 schooling Systems Fundamentals Copyright 2012, 2011, 2010 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course introduces the fundamentals of computer establishments and the billet of breeding processing in todays melodic phrase environment. An overview is presented of information systems, systems development, operating systems and programming, database management, networking and telecommunications, and the network. Policies Faculty and savants will be held obligated for understanding and adhering to all policies contained in spite of appearance the following(a) two documents University policies You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of distributively class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you witness class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Rainer, R. K. , Jr. , & Cegielski, C. G. (2012). Introduction to information systems backing and transforming strain (4th ed. . Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. Turban, E. , & Volonino, L. (2011). Information engineering science for management better strategic and operational performance (8th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. All electronic materials are available on the student website. week One Information Systems Overview Details payable Points Objectives Identify the components and roles of information systems. Explain the system development liveliness cycle methodology. Explain the system development life cycle methodology. depict how IT systems enable and enhance the organization. Course Preparation shoot the course description and objectives. Review the Lear ning team Toolkit. Readings Read Ch. 1, Information Systems in the 2010s, of Information Technology for counseling amend Strategic and functional Performance. Read Ch. , IT Infrastructure and Support Systems, of Information Technology for caution Improving Strategic and operative Performance. Read Ch. , Organizational Strategy, Competitive Advantage, and Information Systems, of Introduction to Information Systems Supporting and Transforming Business. Read Technology Guide 1, Hardware, of Introduction to Information Systems Supporting and Transforming Business. Read Technology Guide 2, Software, of Introduction to Information Systems Supporting and Transforming Business Read the workweek One Read Me First. Review articles effect in Electronic harbor Readings. liaison Post your biography to the appropriate Chat Room thread. Participate in class treatments on at least 4 of 7 days each week. Daily 4 do to weekly discussion question DQ (a). thorium Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (b). Saturday Post weekly personal unofficial (PS). Monday Review the Learning Team Toolkit. Learning Team Project Goal andPropose a brand-new system for Riordan Manufacturing to use to improve its credit line. Riordan is Final book of instructions one of the Virtual Organizations. A link to the Virtual Organizations stinker be found on the Power Point is student website. Due Monday of Wk5 expose a 7- to 10-page paper (2800 words minimum) and a 10- to 13-slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation of the project to be submitted in Week Five.The paper must include Final Paper is the following Due Monday of Wk5 An executive summary of the project, summarizing the rest of the material in the paper An identification of the business sector requirements use a BRD. A table define hardware/software changes to be implemented. A description of how th e proposed information system changes will enhance the existing processes. Process flow charts with supporting descriptions that articulate the business requirements in terms of specific processes or business development needs. single An individual college research paper is not assigned for the first week. Assignment Week Two Information Flow and Security Details Due Points Objectives Identify how information flows through an organization. Describe system components that enable information use. Identify the event of information security concerns on systems. Evaluate ethical situations in IT. Readings Read Technology Guide 1, Computer Hardware, of Introduction to Information Systems Supporting and Transforming Business. Read Ch. 3, Data, Text, and muniment Management, of Information Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. Read Ch. 4, Network Management and Mobility, of Informati on Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. Read Ch. 5, IT Security, Crime, Compliance and Continuity, of Information Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. Read Ch. 4, Global Ecology, Ethics, and Social Responsibility, of Information Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance Read the Week Two Read Me First. Review articles found in Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussions on at least 4 of 7 days each week. Daily 4 Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (a). thorium Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (b). Saturday Post weekly personal summary (PS). Monday Learning Team Instructions Create Team Charter (sample found in Course Materials Forum). Monday Begin working on proposal for new system. Create the first draft of the Executive Summary. Monday 4 Begin defining t he business requirements of the selected systems. Individual Write a 3-4-page (350 words avg. per page) college research paper identifying and describing Monday 10 Assignment how information systems support the business processes in an organization. Information Systems Paper Describe the business processes within your current place of employment or an organization with which you are familiar. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the information systems you have chosen to describe and how to improve those systems. step college research paper require at least 2 denotations cited. Week Three Web & Mobile Computing, Operating Systems, Applications Details Due Points Objectives Identify how the Internet and mobile devices impact information systems and organizations. Identify common computer application software used at personal and enterprise levels. Explain how information systems practice new technologies. Readings Read Ch. 6, E -Business and E-Commerce, of Information Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. Read Ch. 7, Mobile Computing and Commerce, of Information Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. Read Ch. 8, Web 2. and Social Media, of Information Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. Read Ch. 7, E-Business and E-Commerce, of Introduction to Information Systems Supporting and Transforming Business. Read the Week Three Read Me First. Review articles found in Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussions on at least 4 of 7 days each week. Daily 4 Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (a). Thursday Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (b). Saturday Post weekly personal summary (PS). Monday Learning Team Instructions Continue working on new system proposal. Finalize business requirements (BRD) for selected systems. Monday 4 (Sample BRD is posted to the Course Materials Forum). Begin preparation of process flow charts and supporting descriptions. Begin preparation of Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. Continue update of the draft Executive Summary. Individual Write a 3-4 page (350 words avg. per page) college research paper describing the hardware andMonday 10 Assignment software used to support personal, workgroup, and enterprise computing within your current Hardware and Software organization, an organization with which you are familiar, or one that you can interview to College Paper gather the necessary information. NOTE college research papers require at least 2 references cited. Week Four Information System Usage in Organizations Details Due Points Objectives Identify types of systems and databases used in organizations. Explain how business requirements drive system use. Readings Read Ch. 9, Operational Planning and Control Systems, of Information Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. Read Ch. 10, Enterprise Information Systems, of Information Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. Read Ch. 11, Business Intelligence and Decision Support, of Information Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. Read Technology Guide 3, Emerging Types of Enterprise Computing, of Introduction to Information Systems Supporting and Transforming Business. Read Technology Guide 4, apt Systems, of Introduction to Information Systems Supporting and Transforming Business. Read the Week Four Read Me First. Review articles found in Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussions on at least 4 of 7 days each week. Daily 4 Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (a). Thursday Respond to weekly discussion q uestion DQ (b). Saturday Post weekly personal summary (PS). Monday Learning Team Instructions Continue work on new system proposal. Finalize process flow charts and supporting descriptions. Monday 4 Identify and describe network security functions using a Network Security Doc. (NSD), take Monday by Riordan Manufacturing systems.Include the purpose of these security functions in your paper. Continue preparation of Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. Individual Write a 3-4 page (350 words avg. per page) college research paper analyzing the use of Monday 10 Assignment databases in your organization.Address the following in your paper Database Analysis College Paper Include what database applications are used Microsoft Access, DB2, Oracle, and other applications. Conclude by proposing improvements. For large organizations, restrict the scope of the paper to the department you work in. Substitution a previous employer or report o n databases used in the business world with examples. Include reference page. NOTE college research papers require at least 2 references cited. Week Five Networking, Telecommunications, and the Internet Details Due Points Objectives Identify factors affecting system acquisition. Explain how current IT systems are managed. Explain the role of strategic planning in IT. Identify security factors for conducting business using networks. Readings Read Ch. 12, IT Strategic Planning, of Information Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. Read Ch. 13, Business Process Management and Systems Development, of Information Technology for Management Improving Strategic and Operational Performance. Read Technology Guide 4, Basics of Telecommunications and Networks, of Introduction to Information Systems Supporting and Transforming Business. Read Ch. 4, Networks and Collaboration as Business Solu tions, of Information Technology for Management Improving Performance in the Digital Economy. Read the Week Five Read Me First. Review articles found in Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussions on at least 4 of 7 days each week. Daily 4 Individual Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (a). Thursday Respond to weekly discussion question DQ (b). Saturday Post weekly personal summary (PS). Monday Learning Team stage the 7 to 10-page paper explaining the project proposal. Monday 10 System Proposal Paper and Presentation Submit the 10 to 13-slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. Monday 10 Contribution to Actively assist Team to prepare Project Paper & PowerPoint. Daily 10 Learning Team Download the Peer Evaluation Form from the Course Materials Forum (use only this form).Each student must fill out and post only the form minus the instruction page to their Individual Monday Forum. Individual Write a 2- to 3-page (700 words minimum total) memorandum that Monday 8 Assignment analyzes two Websites that sell books. Create a simple Microsoft Word Table to list at least Website Book vendor 10 books that are found on each site. List the Author, Title, Price found on Website-1, and Memorandum with Table embeddedon Website-2. Describe what conclusions can be made about the pricing.Also, describe the quality of the user interface on each Website and make a recommendation. The Memo can be (word account does not include addressed to any group you select. The table should be embedded within the paper not just table) attached to it. A reference page is required at the end of the memo. NOTE college memorandums require at least 2 references cited. Discussion Questions Week 1 DQ (a) What is a specific role an information system can play in an organization? What are three components of this system?How do they work in the enterprise? DQ (b) How can an IT system initially help a company advance, but later become a requirement for that business to stay competitive? Week 2 DQ (a) How is information used in the modern enterprise? How does this use affect IT systems? DQ(b) Why it is important to protect the information organizations use today? What are the basic elements in systems that help with this task? Week3 DQ (a) How are mobile devices, mobile computing, and social media changing how IT systems are used? What can organizations do to maximize foster and minimize risk when users use these devices? DQ (b) Why is new technology often disruptive for existing IT systems?What things can be done to prepare these systems for future technology ahead of time? Week 4 DQ (a) Describe three types of systems used in organizations. job the factors that normally lead to adopting the system and requirements that will likely compress its future growth of each type. DQ (b) Discuss an IT system that has transformed the way organizations in at least one field carry out w ork. Note what requirements drove the system to be developed and what requirements are likely to drive it to change in the future. Week 5 DQ (a) Discuss two major issues snarly with acquiring systems and two major issues commonly faced when maintaining them. Address how each can be minimized or overcome.DQ (b) Describe the effect of an organizations strategic planning on the IT systems it uses. Address how strategic planning simplifies and complicates IT system development and use. Copyright University of Phoenix is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft, Windows, and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their several(prenominal) companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix ed itorial standards and practices.

Cultural Wedding Ceremony Comparison

Every country has their decl atomic number 18 way of marrying two people that want to spend the rest of their life together. Each has their own unique ritual of how they go about a wedding ceremony. African and Chinese cultures both(prenominal) have very intriguing ways of how they proceed with their ceremony. It is show that there be many differences between the two of these cultures. This is a result of their own independent beliefs and traditions which causes them to go about their own unique ritual, although there are few similarities between the two countries. In the Chinese culture the wedding date is chosen based upon astrological signs and birthdates.Every Chinese ceremony commences on the one-half an hour which is the belief that get out guarantee good fortune for the new duad. The night before wedding day the bride is bathed in citrus-infused water in another(prenominal) belief that it will cleanse her of her evil influences. This is the only way in which the two cere monies are similar because they both consist of the bride being bathed before the wedding, although which is through with(p) in their own individual style. The bride in a Chinese wedding will be seen wearing three different dresses throughout wedding day.These dresses embarrass a traditional white dress, a traditional Chinese bridal dress, and a cocktail dress. Also the groom will be placed through a series Mitchell2 of tests and stunts to prove that he is worthy to claim his future wife. When the bride arrives at the grooms home she is always greeted with firecrackers, gongs, and is forced to jump over an iron basin light up with charcoal to represent prosperity and to again cleanse of all evil spirits. The Chinese culture with also uphold their traditional tea ceremony. The bride will religious service tea to her parents as a sign of respect.The Chinese wedding ceremony is always filled with symbolism. Their ceremony represents a ladder that the new couple will climb to succes s. On the other hand the African wedding ceremony is a tradition that stems all the way back to the days of slavery when slaves were not allowed to marry. Their marriage ceremony is a ritual well-known as jumping the cusk. This ritual was created to represent the beginning of their new life together. The new couple will jump over a broom at the same time and are pronounced married after they have done so. The broom is often decorated with ribbon and tulle.On wedding day the bridesmaids bathe the bride in hammam before dressing her previous to the ceremony. During a libation ceremony a prayer is give tongue to and an elder presents water and liquor as an offering to god and their ancestors for their blessing. Then the groom will ask permission from the brides mother to marry her daughter darn presenting her father with gifts to symbolize his ability to care. Another tradition is the tasting of the four elements during the ceremony. The four elements consist of lemon for sour, vineg ar for bitter, cayenne for hot, and honey for sweet. The four tastes are a symbol of the different moods of married life.Sometimes tribes will mound the couples wrists with plaited grass when walking down the aisle, and others just hold hands. Mitchell3 The difference between these two countries with their ceremonies represents their exemption of independent beliefs, which leads to separate traditions. Although, the similarities between the two ceremonies are also intriguing. Both wedding rituals consist of a lot of symbolism. Most of the symbolism that is present for both cultures also represents their beliefs, and every time their beliefs are symbolized is how their cultures are shown to be unique.

Publix Supermarket History Essay

Publix Supermarkets, Inc. is the largest employee supermarket chain and fastest growing company in the United States. It was founded in 1930 by George W. Jenkins and opened the first Publix hive away in Winter Haven Florida is a employee- owned privately held corporation. Publix is has over more than 1,061 supermarket injects, eight grocery distribution centers, twelve brand manufacturing facilities, and 820 Publix Pharmacies. The manufacturing facilities produce its dairy, deli, bakery, and another(prenominal) food products.Our stores are located in Florida- 752, Alabama-51, Georgia- 180, South Carolina- 45, and Tennessee- 33. Publix built its first distribution in Lakeland, Florida and moved its headquarters there from Winter Haven in 1951. At that same time, the All American were closed and replaced with Publix Supermarkets. The donut shops in each store expanded their bakery into full- service in 1957. Each Publix store provides specific go and products in its grocery, produc e, deli, floral, bakery, seafood, and meat departments some of the stores contain sushi bars, cafs liquor store and pharmacy department. Publix created and introduced Greenwise Markets to increase awareness of nutrition providing organic and indispensable items.Publix mission statement is Our Mission at Publix is to be the premier quality food retailer in the world. To that end we commit to be Passionately cerebrate on Customer Value, Intolerant of Waste, Dedicated to the Dignity, Value and Employment Security of our Associates, Devoted to the highest standards of stewardship for our Stockholders, and Involved as Responsible Citizens in our Communities. Publixs slogan is Where obtain is a Pleasure. We have more than 153,000 associates employed with Publix Supermarkets, Inc. A variety of services are offered by Publix. Services such as presto atms, leave card center, floral, special item request, online easy ordering, apron recipes and event planning, prescription refills, and Pu blix merchandise.They also have several fascinating clubs and programs wine guide, baby club, preschool pals, family style magazine, Publix paws and upromise program. Publix states the social club reasons why youll feel great about working at Publix nifty, friends, benefits, ownership, stability, career growth, helping others, community spirit, diversity and planet earth. There are several services offered by the pharmacist to help manage your health. They offer a diabetes management system, free prescriptions on selected medications, flu and immunizations, health screenings, Medical I.D., prescription transfer, Flavorx, insurance plans, health center and generic drugs.The main competitors in the national grocery chain are Kroger, Whole Foods, IGA, and Supervalu several regional grocery chains including BI-LO, Winn-Dixie, Ingles, Fresh Market, Sweetbay, gluttonous Wiggly consolidated with warehouse and retail chains including Wal-mart, Costco, Kmart, Target, BJs Wholesale and Sa ms Club. Publix for 15th consecutive years has been named as one of the consequence 100 Best Companies to work. It has never had any layoffs even though some stores have closed and new ones have opened. Each year, the company issues shares of its stock to legal full- and part-time employees, and cash dividends earned on these shares are paid directly to employees.Publix is a highly established and successful supermarket with friendly service and an immense rate of products. They offer buy- one- get- one- free deals which vary from week to week on several products within the store. Publix Supermarkets budget along with other facts are made available to the public. secant documents contains several of Publix annual, quarterly, proxy, current and other reports where you can retrieve the specific report. Even through the terrible economic hardships we have had worldwide Publix has managed to make a good profit, offer promotions, still open new stores, and never layoff any employees. Referenceshttp//www.publixstockholder.com/servlet/ProxyServlet?path=/stockholder/Document.do&seq=1&SECDocumentId=7958&curPage=1&selectedDocumentType=-99&selectedYear=-99 http//www.publix.com/careers/Home.do

History Since 1500 Essay

Modern history began in the end of the 15th century, which witnessed the beginning of Reformation and the breakthrough of the new continent. In the following five centuries, many a(prenominal) historic events ( such(prenominal) as the cardinal world wars and the cold war) have fundamentally changed our world in the handle of politics, economics, and culture. Political Systems in Europe after the Thirty Years struggle The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) refers to a series of wars intermittently fought chiefly between the Roman Empire and the Protestant principalities with which French allied.Theses wars were fought for religious, territorial reserve, dynastic, and commercial reasons (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009). After the Thirty Years War ended with the Peace of Westphalia, European states were divided into different policy-making regimes. For the five most strategic ones, Spain, Portugal and France remained absolute monarchies, while Holland and England became a republic and a constitutional monarchy respectively. The political differences significantly affected these countries performance.While being the original European counties to start colonial enterprises, Spain and Portugal rejection of new ideologies and new political thinking rendered them weaker day by day. There is no uncertainty that ideological change plays an important role in political change. That is to say, the Reformation do those Protestant states much easier to adopt more democratic political forms a republic or a constitutional monarchy. It is worth noting that the defeat of the Spanish Armada happened in 1588, almost three decades before the start of the Thirty Years War.It is safe to say that Protestantism was one broker that brought Capitalism, which requires a more democratic political system. Among the five nations, only the Dutch state was as enlightened and democratic as England, and even more so at times. For instance, the Pilgrim Fathers took refugee in Holland before settling in the Plym emergeh colony. For another, the constitutional monarchy in England was made possible by the Dutch invasion during the Glorious Revolution. However, the Dutch Republic was too small to be a colonial superpower for a long time.The lack of manpower and resources led to Dutch defeats in the four Anglo-Dutch wars, and when the rifle war ended in May 1784, the Dutch were at the nadir of their power and prestige (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009, par. 4). In sharp contrast with the Dutch Republic, the French Bourbon Monarchy was thence a much larger country than England and the most powerful European state in the early 18th century. However, its backward political system made it unfit for the international competition with Britain.After defeating France in the Seven Years War (17561763), England became both the dominant power in North America and the global superpower in accession to the naval supremacy it had maintained since 1590s. The Causes of knowledge domain Wa r One Before the First initiation War, a great many wars had been fought in Europe for various reasons such as the thirty years war, the Anglo-Dutch wars, the Anglo-French wars, and the Napoleonic wars. Of the wars mentioned above, some were fought on a big scale.For instance, the Seven Years War between Britain and France were fought both in Europe and in American colonies, bearing some resemblance to the First World War. However, we can not deny that World War One was far more catastrophic than any previous war. Thus, what was it about the modern world that caused such a catastrophe, and let people doubt the virtues of progress in its aftermath? The immediate cause of the Great War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June 1914 by a Serbian nationalist.However, the incident itself was not worth a total war there were other deep-rooted reasons. Undoubtedly, national state (nationalism) was one of the main causes. Since 1850s, a number of national stat es, such as Germany, Italy, and Japan, arose from across the globe, trying to unify and centralize their nations. There were similarly some failed attempts, such as the Hungarian Revolution (1848) and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851-1864) in China, both struggling for national independence from their foreign rulers.However, these nationalist movements were quite problematic and troublesome themselves. First, these nations intended to build up unified and centralise states for themselves, hardly denied equal rights to ethnic minorities within their boundaries. For example, while unifying German states in central Europe, Prussia never considered the self-determination of the Polish population. Second, during the unification, these national states failed to solve territorial disputes with their neighbors peacefully.For instance, territorial disputes over Alsace and Lorraine were one of the main causes of the Prussian French war, which started the lasting hostility between Germany and France until the end of the World War Two. Moreover, because modern national states were more centralized and got more so during the war period, World War One became both the first total war and the first war of attrition. In addition to national states (nationalism), interdependence and modernization also played a role in causing this catastrophe. Machine gun and trench were two embodiments of the First World War.Machine gun and heavy artillery made the army a much more efficient killing machine the well fortified trenches let the trouncing on the western front continue for over four years. New technologies can also shorten the war and thus reduce the casualties, such as the German blitzkrieg on the western front in World War Two. But in World War One, they only greatly prolonged the stalemate. European industrialization and commercialization in the 19th century made them more dependent on each other and on marine colonies they needed raw material, market, and capital from ou tside their own territories.Therefore, each country paid more attention to alliance and navy to protect their market, resources, and trade routes. The diplomatical maneuverings and the naval competitions obviously heightened the tensions between individual states and between deferent blocs. The Cold War After World War One, the Soviet Union and the United States were two superpowers along with Britain, France, Germany, and Japan. However, the Soviet Union and the U. S. had larger territories and populations than other nations.After the Second World War, the defeated Germany and Japan lost all their colonies, so did Britain and France in a much longer period. As a result, Russia and America became the only two post-war superpowersJapan and Germany were no longer military powers while Britain and France were too small to qualify. It was this bipolar state made the cold war possible the two superpowers could incorporate smaller nations into their camps to fight a long lasting war of id eology, politics, and economics. The cold war era refers to an unpleasant yet less painful and bloody period compared to the two world wars.Yet, this definition was from the two opposing military groups (NATO and WARSO pact countries) viewpoint for those antecedent colonies (quasi-colonies), this view can not be farther from the truth. During the cold war, NATO and the WAWSOW did not confront each other in order to avoid a nuclear war, which could annihilate both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Yet, the collapse of the colonial system offered them a distant and relatively safe battlefieldthe newly independent former colonies (quasi-colonies).Conflicts there had made the cold war nastier, bloodier, and more suffering. For many third world countries, the cold war era is the most painful period in modern history as they served as pawns in the ideological war between Russia and US. In the cold war era, the two biggest wars were fought in Korea and Vietnam Cambodia saw the biggest massacre after World War Two China experienced the greatest famine (1959-1961) in human history and the Cultural Revolution almost wiped out this 5,000 years old civilization.However, these events themselves did not decide the course of the cold war. The communists fought to stalemate in Korea, won the Vietnam War. However, several months after Chinese communists crushed peaceful protesting students and civilians with tanks and gird vehicles and firmly controlled the situation, communist regimes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe quickly collapsed.Since 1500, human being has made breath-taking progress in government, technology, business, education, health care, etc it has also suffered a great deal from wars, national rivalries, epidemics, environmental damages, natural disasters, and all kinds of discriminations while living standards have been steadily improving. Since technology and productivity can be double-edged swords, it is urgent for the current generation to learn t he lessons from the past five centuries.

Discrimination in Labor

In the case of Sarah Crone vs. f all told in Parcel Service, Inc. , decided by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, the court decided against the complainant, and held that there was inadequacy of evidence to show that the employer was discriminatory in not considering her for the promotion. In said case Crone, a entrant of the employer corporation wanted to be promoted to the dispatcher supervisor position, when the said position became available.However, she was not promoted because the Department handler and the Division Manager fe atomic number 18d she might not be able to deal with confrontations, which are necessarily connect to the supervisory position. For Crone, this ground was discriminatory on account of sex. According to the court, Crone was unable to show that the beau mondes reason was a mere pretext to coer up its discriminatory purpose. (Crone v. UPS, Inc. , 2002).The issue of favoritism can indeed be raised in this case, considering that it initially appears that Crone was not considered for promotion just because of some trait that the managers ascribed to her on account of her being a woman. It should be noted that discrimination exists where distinctions are made, in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit. (Dictionary. com). Federal Equal engagement Opportunity (EEO) Laws prohibit all sorts of discriminatory practices of employers, which include making employment decisions based on stereotypes or assumptions about the abilities, traits, or performance of individuals of a certain sex, race, age, religion, or ethnic group, or individuals with disabilities. (Federal Equal employ Opportunity (EEO) Laws).These EEO laws, which have been passed in most states, enjoin companies to provide equal employment opportunity to all their employees, without regard to irrelevant characteristics such as age, religion and sex. EEO laws, having been based on the fundamental principle of fairness, urges companies to take equal opportunity for employees to succeed. (Fair Measures). Following these laws, therefore, the companys decision to choose another person over Crone falls within the category of employment decisions that should not be tainted with discriminatory considerations.However, it cannot be said that the courts decision in this case in dismissing the complaint could lead to irregular excuses for discrimination in other settings, because the ruling was not a statement of a policy favoring the groundwork of biases against women. The ruling was based on facts. The company was able to substantiate its defense that it was justified in determination Crone unqualified for the position because of her lack of necessary skills to deal with confrontations, which evaluation was supported by an reason where Crone came close to tears while a driver became confrontational with her.Thus, the court uphe ld the ruling in Kiel v. Select Artificials, Inc. , 169 F. 3d 1131, 1136 (8th Cir. ) (en banc), cert. denied, 528 U. S. 818 (1999), which said, In the absence of any evidence of discriminatory intent, however, it is not the prerogative of the courts or jury to sit in judgment of employers management decisions. (Crone v. UPS, Inc. , 2002). Thus, it would be premature to conclude that this decision veers absent from the policy against discrimination, as it is clear that the companys decision was based on cold facts.This writer believes that the above case does not require elaborate changes in the present EEO structure, as there is no danger of discrimination, provided that the laws nuances and policy are carefully followed. The law provides for instances that could be considered discrimination. In the absence of sufficient proof of such discrimination, the law is correct in providing equal protection to employers who have the unspoiled to manage their business in accordance with t heir preferences.

My role in globalized society Essay

Globalization is defined as the process of integration of philosophies, beliefs and other properties mingled with antithetical cultures (Albrow and King 1990, Giddens 1991). In groundbreaking society world-wideization plays an important role, whether it be on social, economic or cultural levels (Held et al. 1999). One of the key contributors to ball-shapedization is the mass media, in recent times this has occurred by cultural integration and the flow of information between different countries through mediums such as television, parolepapers, motion picture, medical specialty and newer technologies (Curran and Park 2000, Tomlinson 1999). With the development of new technologies, international cultural exchange will become easier, as has already been seen with Internet political programs such as Facebook and peep. Significant theories in media and communications have arisen through globalization these allow in modernity, developmental theories such as the network society and cultural imperialism (Held et al. 1999, Herman and McChesney 2004).This essay will be exploring these theories and concepts in international communications and globalization to better understand media and the media industries in the twenty-first century. It will excessively critically engage these theories with my personal views and understanding as a media and communications student as surface as a global citizen. Early communication theories were based around modernisation and development. Daniel Lerners early workings on modernization concentrate on the dispersion of Western culture, technological improvements and innovation (Albrow and King 1990, Lerner 1958). In the 1960s Wilbur Schramm pushed modernization theory, he explained that communication could be used to benefit developing nations both politically and economically (Curran and Park 2000, Schramm 1964). Since earlier modernization and developmental theories, the focus has been switched away from Western checks and diffusion, rather gaining a to a greater extent than neutral interpretation. Anthony Giddens attempts to discredit the original media dependency theory by differentiating traditional and modern societies, explaining that although influences have played a role in globalization, over time people have stretched further and further across space and time using mass media and interactive media (Giddens 1991).Historically Western influence has played a large role in e actuallyday society, from politics to economics, in media this is seen through television, film and watchwordworthiness. One of the major influences overthe past few decades is Hollywood and its byproducts (Miller 2001, Mingant 2012). Traditional Hollywood films, although focused for an American only target, were broadcasted throughout the world, where it was swell received. These films consisted of American values and cultures, additionally the cast and spectacular fictional character argon the reasons behind stron g favouriteity around the world for these Hollywood films (Mingant 2012). As a global citizen it is flourishing to recognize this influence since the local film industry isnt as large and the majority of the popular films are from Hollywood. But this trend is on the decline as we are seeing more and more international films from India and France as well as Eastern and European influences in Hollywood films. This has haul to an change magnitude significance of other foreign markets in this globalized world which has to change is the global market (Miller 2001, Mingant 2012).Similar to modernization and developmental theories, cultural imperialism theories were based on US influence and impact on developing countries. Herbert Schiller, one of the main contributors to cultural imperialism in 1969, explained that the US gaining imperialistic control of developing countries through the media (Schiller 1969, Sparks 2007). This view was authoritative and opened the door for others to critique and further cultural imperialism theories. Oliver Boyd-Barred advanced cultural imperialism theory by suggesting that it was more than just gaining control and more so a matter of inequality between different nations and this lead to political and economic dependency (Boyd-Barrett 1977).Through local news media we can see the inequality of news reporting. The news is often Western dominated and shows hints of modern imperialism, whereas when developing countries are show in the news it is mainly related to corruption or tragedy. Over time this has lead to a diverge go steady of these countries, which places the viewer with an inadequate understanding of the issue. Additionally, the developing nations are unable to produce their avow mass media, and if they are they copy the formats of the Western world. As a global citizen it is easy to see the inequality between different nations and with such a large influence from countries like the US and UK, we are beginning to see the alike(p) stories covered over and over again. A perfect example is when an even occurs US, for example the shooting of a black teenager this news is spread throughout the world even though there is very little interest from other countries (Reuters 2014).Where as when killing occurs in other parts of the world, for example belatedly in Gaza when thousands had died, it was barely covered in Western media (AAP 2014). This shows a heavy political influence on the media. Nonetheless, although not predominant in the Western world, I believe Al-Jazeera is becoming a news platform for developing and Eastern countries. These are real world(a) news stories, which have an equal balance of news stories from all over the world. Additionally, these news stories are more informative and let the audience make their ingest view on the topic at hand. In this modern age we are going through a technological revolution, new media platforms are being produced every day and content creation is e asier wherefore ever. Social media is slowly taking over as the predominant medium and sites such as Facebook and Twitter are booming through more and more people joining as well as advertisement revenue. Through this boom we are seeing increased globalization across these platforms. Many worldwide issues are discussed on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, from the FIFA World Cup, to the recent events in Ferguson, USA (Frier 2014, Reuters 2014).It is also important recognize that when going though these stories on social media, everyone is given an opportunity to present their own view. Outside of these social media platforms, users are able to access more worldwide news as well as create their own content. As a global citizen, I often see myself researching topics in much more detail to gain a better understanding of news and issues. I aspect this is the best way to gain an accurate view. I have a Facebook, Twitter and Instagram and through these media platforms I see many issues being discussed. Social media and the Internet will slowly take over as the dominant form of information flow. Globalisation can be seen to have many benefits as well has having a negative side. Traditionally globalization meant influencing other global nations with respect to media, politics and economics.This was a global view during early media theory works. Only through the 1970s did the globalization theories become questioned with claims of inequality and bias (Boyd-Barrett 1977, Schiller 1969). From these findings through to modern media we are seeing a slight move away from Western federal agency of media. The concentration of media agencies is owned by a few people and although the US is no longer considered culturally imperialistic the global media system is still yet to hit the developing nations. As a global citizen, the media iscomplex system and without looking further into issues of media we are given a one sided story with bias.

Auto Biography

was born and brought up in Houston, Texas. Ours is a family of four with my parents, me and my younger brother. The schoolhouse years of my life were toughest. I struggled a lot in my studies. The standardized procedure of education never interested me. I was an average student through by my academic life. Extra-curricular activities like sports, drawing, crafts, etc. were my favorite things. I just remember that it was the second semester of 8th grade when I stood first in class.However, it didnt serve every purpose in motivating me to take up studies seriously. I enjoyed understanding the concepts more than just memorizing ready-to-eat notes. After completion of my schooling and college in the science stream, I chose to become a painter. It was a spiritual decision taken by me at that time. Today, however, I dont regret it at all. My career in mental picture began a smoothly and I was more than happy to grab the right opportunity for which I was wait so long.Today, I am happy with my life and enjoy it to the fullest. The positive attitude to face hardships brought out the best in me. Today I am looking forward to face the challenges of life in a positive manner. The content presented in the example above gives only a rough thought process of how an annals should start one keister use a similar write up as an example of autobiography for college projects. Writing an autobiography is a huge effort and requires patience to put the facts and experiences in a proper manner.Autobiographies are detailed accounts of a persons life and should be written with care and responsibility. The autobiography sample provided in the article above provides an idea about how to write about yourself in an arouse manner. Autobiographies are detailed accounts of our lives which help in remembering the happy and sad moments as well. One can draw inspiration from the tough times of the past and move on in life with a positive attitude. Read more at Buzzle http//www. buzzle. c om/articles/autobiography-sample. html

Moliere’s Tartuffe and Rousseau’s Confessions

Each character Is guilty of stealing something for their personal gain. However, when analyzing their actions of theft, thither Is garner curtilage of contrast. In Confessions Rousseau Is a mere child and steals Males ribbons simply because she Is the first name that floats Into his head. When asked how he got the ribbon, Rousseau blames the cook. They Inquired how I got discipline of It. I grew confused, stammered, and said with a blush It was Maroon. The fact that Rousseau is a child and demonstrates when he is scared when asked nearly the ribbon helps lessen the severity of the detestation and helps ease the burden for future forgiveness. This greatly contrasts from Tartuffe who can be described as an undermining hypocrite throughout the play and steals solely for personal gain. The face that Tartuffe is a with child(p) man and understands his actions greatly contradicts with Rousseau childlike mistakes. Tartuffe displays a heinous c agree in contradiction to the trivial cr ime of Rousseau.When comparing the aftermath of the crimes, the deuce works differ in the shared theme, regret. In Confessions Rousseau does lie when asked if he stole the ribbon, but Rousseau is constantly haunted with this crime throughout his life. There ended the serenity of my childish life. From that moment I never again enjoyed pure happiness. Rousseau is feeling so guilty of small rime he committed as a child he writes an entire confession, this greatly differs from Tartuffe.When Tartuffe is handcuffed by the officer, Tartuffe displays the identical hypocritical attitude that was evident throughout the play. The last words of Tartuffe, To prison? This cant be true summation up perfectly the zero regret that Tartuffe shows even though he knows he has been caught. If looking the two works as a whole based solely on regret there is clear distinction. Rousseau, a child, committed a crime that he Is obviously regretful about. Then there Is Tartuffe, where there is no sign of regret and deserves to be imprisoned forever.